● Fractures of the limbs from being forcibly restrained.
● Failure to heal.
● Wound ulcer.
● Wound abscess.
● Urine infection.
● HIV/AIDS.
● Scar neuroma.
● Painful intercourse.



● Acute trauma.
● Low self-esteem.
● Denial of sexuality and emphasis on reproductive.
● Genital phobia.
● Anxiety-depression.



● Haemorrhage.
● Pain.
● Shock.
● Infection.
● Damage to other organs due to child struggling.
● Urinary Retention.
● Death.



● Delayed wound healing.
● Scarring/Keloid formation.
● Pelvic Infection.
● Epidemoid cysts/Abscess.
● Infection including tetanus and other blood borne viruses.
● Neuromata.



● Chronic vaginal and pelvic infections which can lead to infertility.
● Difficulty passing urine due to the scar/ Urine tract infections.
● Painful and prolonged periods due to vaginal closure by the scar.
● Haemotocolpos: Vaginal closure due to scarring can lead to the impaired flow of menstrual tract infection.
● Childbirth trauma - perineal or vaginal tear during delivery.
● Delay in progress in second stage of labour.
● Obstructed labour.
● Fetal hypoxia and/or stillbirth.
● Painful coitus.
● Infibulation cysts. These cysts are either sebaceous or dermoid cysts caused by the skin tissue becoming trapped ● Psychological problems (such as flash-back, anxiety and depression).